Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian children using three different sets of international criteria.

INTRODUCTION: Background: the aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian children aged 6-10 years using three different international criteria. Methods: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, and insulin levels were measured in 290 schoolchildren, and the presence of metabolic syndrome was analyzed according to the criteria established by Cook, Boney, and Ferreira. Results: the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.27 % (Boney and Ferreira criteria) and 7.58 % (Cook criteria) for girls, and 3.8 % (Boney and Ferreira criteria) and 5.06 % (Cook criteria) for boys. Agreement in pairs showed a concordance of 57.5 % (Kappa = 0.57) between Boney and Cook criteria, and 65.2 % (Kappa = 0.65) between Cook and Ferreira. The greatest concordance found was 77 % (Kappa = 0.77) between Boney and Ferreira criteria, demonstrating a substantial agreement. Conclusion: prevalence according to Boney and Ferreira criteria was lower than according to Cook criteria. Therefore, we suggest the use of Cook criteria in clinical practice for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, since this criterion provided a wider diagnostic range, thereby reducing the risk of underdiagnosis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: el objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en niños brasileños de 6 a 10 años de edad, usando tres diferentes criterios internacionales. Métodos: se midieron la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, el colesterol de alta y baja densidad, los triglicéridos, la glucemia en ayunas y la insulinemia en 290 escolares, y se analizó la presencia del síndrome metabólico de acuerdo con los criterios de Cook, Boney y Ferreira. Resultados: las prevalencias del síndrome metabólico encontradas fueron del 2,27 % (criterios de Boney y Ferreira) y 7,58 % (criterios de Cook) para las niñas, y del 3,8 % (criterios de Boney y Ferreira) y 5,06 % (criterios de Cook) para los niños. La concordancia por pares fue del 57,5 % (Kappa = 0,57) entre los criterios de Boney y Cook, y del 65,2 % (Kappa = 0,65) entre los criterios de Cook y Ferreira. La mayor concordancia encontrada fue del 77 % (Kappa = 0,77) entre los criterios de Boney y Ferreira, demostrando una concordancia sustancial. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de acuerdo con los criterios de Boney y Ferreira fue inferior a la encontrada con los criterios de Cook. Por lo tanto, sugerimos el uso de los criterios de Cook en la práctica clínica para el diagnóstico del síndrome metabólico, ya que utilizando este criterio se obtiene un rango diagnóstico más amplio, reduciéndose así el riesgo del infradiagnóstico.

Elastic resistance training to increase muscle strength in elderly: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Analyze the efficiency of training programs with progressive elastic resistance on muscle strength in elderly 'healthy' and 'not healthy'. It was performed a systematic review in relevant databases to identify controlled clinical trials with outcomes from parameters of muscle strength. Two independent reviewers decided about the inclusion criteria, data extraction and evaluation of methodological quality of the articles. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for relevant outcomes and pooled using a random effects model. Among the 11 studies whose effect sizes were used in the meta-analysis, there were 834 individuals between the ages of 60 and 79. The resistance training with elastic bands showed strong effects on muscle strength in healthy elderly (SMD=1.30; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.71) and with some functional incapacity (SMD=1.01; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.19), and a moderate effect on muscle strength in elderly patients with pathology (SMD=0.54; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.96). There was little information available about the training intensity. The training with elastic resistance proved to be effective for improving muscle strength in 'healthy' and 'not healthy' elderly. Our results suggest that training with elastic resistance is most effective in 'healthy' subjects and with functional limitations, and less effective in subjects with some kind of disorders. To establish dose-response relations from different intensities of training on muscle strength in the elderly, new studies are needed to identify reliable and objective methods of evaluation of muscle strength using elastic materials directly.

Relationship between anthropometric variables and body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users

En este trabajo se estudió la relación entre las dimensiones antropométricas y la insatisfacción corporal en socios de gimnasios. Los participantes fueron 276 personas de Brasil socios de centros de fitness (168 varones y 108 mujeres) de una edad comprendida entre los 17 y 39 años (m = 23.93, sd = 5.17). después de la medición de la masa corporal (Mc), del índice de masa corporal (IMc) y de la porcentaje de grasa corporal (% Gc), los participantes indicaran las siluetas más semejantes a su apariencia corporal (silueta real – sr) y a su apariencia corporal ideal (silueta ideal – sI), lo que permitió el cálculo de la insatisfacción corporal como la discrepancia entre la sI y la sr. IMc y % Gc fueron agrupados por categorías de insatisfacción corporal y analizados por medio de ANoVA univariada y de medidas repetidas. Los resultados revelaron que sólo 1.2% de los hombres y 6.5% de las mujeres se consideraban satisfechos con su cuerpo. Las comparaciones de las sr por sexo indicaran que los hombres y mujeres consideran sus actuales sr significativamente menos corpulentas que las sI (p < .001), aunque el grado de insatisfacción fue semejante en ambos sexos. Además, los resultados demostraron que la relación entre la composición corporal y la insatisfacción corporal sólo se demuestra en personas que se sienten muy insatisfechas con su imagen y apariencia corporal (AU)

The purpose of this study was to identify the anthropometric dimensions related with body image dissatisfaction among fitness center users. Participants were 276 Brazilian members of fitness centers (168 males and 108 females) with ages between 17 and 39 years (mage = 23.93, sd = 5.17). After body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI) and body fat (% BF) were measured, participants indicated their current (cs) and ideal (Is) silhouettes, allowing the calculation of body dissatisfaction as the difference between Is and cs. BMI and % BF were grouped by body dissatisfaction category and analyzed using one-way and repeated measures ANoVA. results revealed that only 1.2 % of men and 6.5 % of women considered themselves satisfied with their body. comparisons of global ratings of their cs and Is revealed that male and female individuals reported that their current bodies were significantly less muscular than their ideal bodies (p < .001), although the degree of dissatisfaction revealed no significant difference between sexes. Moreover, results demonstrated that the relationship between body composition and body dissatisfaction only occurs in individuals that feel very dissatisfied with their body image and appearance (AU)